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and

/ənd/

Coordinating conjunction joining items

From Proto-Indo-European *en (in).

conjunction
noun
*en
Proto-Germanic
Verified
*andi / *anþi
reconstructed
Transferred into Germanic with a sense of ‘and, then, thereupon’

from Middle English and, an

Old English
Verified
and, ond
Originally ‘thereupon, next’; later the ordinary conjunction

from Middle English and, an

Middle English
Verified
and
General conjunction in everyday use

from Middle English and, an

Modern English
and

This tiny word has a surprisingly dramatic ancestry. In Old English, and and ond could mean “thereupon” or “next,” which is a lot more directional than the sleepy glue-word we use today. Under the hood it belongs with a very old Indo-European idea of being near or in front of — the same family that gives us Latin ante and Greek anti, those classic “opposed to / before” words. So the humble conjunction is basically a relic of pointing, as if speakers once said, “this thing, and then that thing,” and the linking word survived while the gesture vanished. Even the old manuscript habit of writing an’ or ’n’ for casual speech feels like the word is trying to hurry along behind the sentence, holding the pieces together with one hand.

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