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dead

/diːd/

No longer alive; utterly still, inactive, or certain

From O.English dead (having ceased to live).

adjective
noun
verb
adverb
dead
Proto-Indo-European
Verified
*dheu- (3)
reconstructed
Reconstructed root meaning “to die.”

from PIE *dheu- (3) "to die" (see die (v.)). Meaning "insensible, void of perception" is

Proto-Germanic
Verified
*daudaz
reconstructed
Past-participle adjective meaning “dead”; ancestor of German tot and Dutch dood.

from Proto-Germanic *daudaz (source also of Old Saxon dod , Danish død , Swedish död , Old Frisian dad , Middle Dutch...

Old English
Verified
dead
“Having ceased to live,” also “torpid” or “dull.”

from Old English dead "having ceased to live," also "torpid, dull;" of water, "still, standing,"

Middle English
AI-inferred
ded
The form that developed into modern English dead.
Modern English
dead

Before “dead” became a blunt little English adjective, its ancestors were already traveling through the Germanic world: German tot, Dutch dood, Danish død, and Gothic dauþs still preserve the family resemblance. The trail reaches back to the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European root *dheu-, “to die,” which also lies behind English die. But the word quickly escaped the graveyard: by the early 13th century, dead could mean numb or insensible, and later it described still water, muffled sound, inactive places, and even absolute certainty. In 1876, Wild Bill Hickok was supposedly holding aces and eights when Jack McCall shot him; that became poker’s “dead man’s hand.” And in modern slang, “I’m dead” can mean “that is hilarious”—a comic resurrection in which laughter kills you, at least linguistically.

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