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half

/hæf/

One of two approximately equal parts

From Proto-Germanic, via Old English half (A divided part or side).

noun
verb
adjective
adverb
preposition
half
Proto-Indo-European (proposed)
Verified
*skel-
reconstructed
“to cut”; a possible ancestor, though the connection is uncertain

from PIE root *skel- (1) "to cut," or perhaps a substratum word. Noun, adjective, and adverb all were in Old English....

Proto-Germanic
Verified
*halba- / *halbaz
reconstructed
“something divided,” the source of Germanic forms for “half”

from Proto-Germanic *halba- "something divided" (source also of Old Saxon halba , Old Norse halfr , Old Frisian, Middle...

+1 more source
Old English
Verified
healf
“half, side, part”; the noun, adjective, and adverb were already in use

from Old English healf (“half”); as a noun, 'half', 'side', 'part'

Middle English to Modern English
Verified
half
Inherited through Middle English half/halfe; the modern form

from Middle English half, halfe

Modern English
half

Picture an ancient speaker dividing an object and naming not the neat mathematical fraction, but the “side” or “part” that had been cut off. Old English healf carried exactly that broader sense, which survives in behalf: originally, quite literally, “on the side of.” The deeper connection to Proto-Indo-European *skel-, “to cut,” is only a proposal; etymologists also suspect that the Germanic word may come from an unknown substratum source. Around 1200, English speakers began saying two and a half, preserving an Old English-style construction in which “half third” meant two and a half. Much later, in 1833, half-cocked moved from a gun’s prematurely released hammer to people who act before they are ready—a tiny word that still remembers both division and incomplete preparation.

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