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kill

/kɪl/

Cause death or bring something to an end

From Germanic, probably from Proto-Germanic kill (Strike or pierce violently).

verb
noun
kill
Proto-Indo-European
Verified
*gwele-
reconstructed
“to throw, reach,” with an extended sense “to pierce”

from PIE root *gwele- "to throw, reach," with extended sense "to pierce." Related: Killed ; killing . The meaning "to...

Proto-Germanic
Verified
*kwaljanan
reconstructed
A causative form associated with violent striking, injury, or death

from Proto-Germanic *kwaljanan (source also of Old English cwelan "to die," cwalu "violent death;" Old Saxon quellian...

Old English
AI-inferred
cwellan
“to kill, murder, execute”; related to cwelan, “to die”
Middle English
Verified
killen, kyllen, cüllen
“to strike, beat, cut”; by about 1300, “to deprive of life”

from Middle English killen, kyllen, cüllen (“to strike, beat, cut”), of obscure origin. Cognate with Scots kele, keil...

Modern English
Verified
kill
To cause death, terminate, neutralize, or render inoperative

from Middle English killen, kyllen, cüllen (“to strike, beat, cut”), of obscure origin. Cognate with Scots kele, keil...

Modern English
kill

Before kill became the blunt little verb we use for everything from murder to switching off a computer, it may have described the physical violence of a blow. The suspected ancestor is Proto-Indo-European *gwele-, “to throw” or “reach,” with an extra-fearsome twist: “to pierce.” That same ancient root may also lurk behind quell, ballistic, ballista, and even hyperbole—an astonishing family reunion of thrown objects, arguments, and death blows. By about 1200, Middle English killen meant “to strike, beat, or cut”; roughly a century later, the verb had settled into its deadly modern sense. The history is not perfectly tidy: some scholars connect it directly to Old English cwellan, while another proposal links it to Old Norse kolla, “to hit on the head.” Either way, the word began with impact before it acquired its final consequence: first the blow, then the silence.

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