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race

/reɪs/

Contest of speed; lineage, kind, or category

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁reh₁s- (to flow or rush) + Italian razza (kind).

noun
noun
noun
noun
noun
verb
verb
race (running)
Proto-Germanic
Verified
*rēsō / *res-
reconstructed
“a course, running, rush”

from Proto-Germanic *res- (source also of Middle Dutch rasen "to rave, rage," German rasen , Old English raesettan "to...

+1 more source
Old Norse
Verified
rás
“a running, a rush, a strong current”

from Old Norse rās "a running, a rush (of water)," cognate with Old English ræs "a running, a rush, a leap, jump; a...

+1 more source
Middle English
Verified
race
“a race, swift running, rush, or onset”

from Middle English race, partially

race (lineage or kind)
Italian
Verified
razza
Early 14th century: “kind, type, sort, race, nature”; ultimate origin uncertain

from Italian razza (early 14th century), of uncertain origin. Partially displaced native Middle English kinde (“kind,...

Middle French
Verified
race
Borrowed form meaning “race, lineage, breed”

from Middle English race, partially

English
Verified
race
Attested from the 1560s in the sense “lineage, breed, or kind”

from Middle English race, partially

Modern English
race

Two different currents run through race, and they only look like one word because English enjoys hiding its paperwork. The older one began as a rush of water or people: Old Norse rás could describe a racing stream, while related Germanic words wandered toward “rage,” as though speed and fury were siblings. By about 1510, English had turned that rushing motion into a contest, and by 1825 it could even describe an electoral race—another course with winners, losers, and a crowd shouting from the banks. The lineage sense arrived by a different route, through Italian razza and Middle French race in the sixteenth century, partly displacing native English kind and kin. That second sense is connected with the ancient family of words behind Latin genus and English kin, while race itself remains uncertainly related to Italian razza’s deeper origin. So when someone says “the race is on,” picture a rushing stream; when they say “a race of horses,” picture a genealogist’s ledger—the same spelling, two historical roads.

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