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seven

/ˈsɛvən/

The natural number following six and preceding eight

From Proto-Indo-European seven (seven).

noun
adjective
determiner
seven
Proto-Indo-European
Verified
*septm / *sept
reconstructed
Reconstructed word for the number seven.

from PIE *septm "seven" (source also of Sanskrit sapta , Avestan hapta , Hittite shipta , Greek hepta , Latin septem ,...

+1 more source
Proto-Germanic
Verified
*sebun
reconstructed
Germanic form, with the consonants and syllables reshaped.

from Proto-Germanic *sebun (source also of Old Saxon sibun , Old Norse sjau , Swedish sju , Danish syv , Old Frisian...

+1 more source
Old English
Verified
seofon
The Old English numeral meaning seven.

from Old English seofon (“seven”)

Middle English
Verified
seven
The modern-looking form emerges after the loss of the Old English diphthong.

from Middle English seven

Modern English
seven

Across an astonishing stretch of Eurasia, people have been saying versions of the same ancient number for thousands of years: Latin had septem, Greek had heptá, Sanskrit had sapta, and English eventually settled on seven. The Germanic ancestors softened and rearranged the older consonants into *sebun, which became Old English seofon before Middle English trimmed it into something recognizable. Seven acquired a glamorous reputation early, turning up in the Seven Wonders, the Seven Sleepers, and the seven stars of the Pleiades. By 1579, the “seventh son” was already credited with magical or healing powers, while Shakespeare could use seven simply as a punchline in King Lear: why are the stars seven? Because they are not eight. Even September carries a fossil of the old counting system: it means “seventh month” in Latin, although calendar reforms later shoved it into ninth place.

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