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sun

/sʌn/

The star that gives Earth light and warmth

From Proto-Germanic sun (the sun).

noun
verb
sun
Proto-Indo-European
Verified
*s(u)
reconstructed
Reconstructed word for “the sun” in the supplied etymological chain

from PIE *s(u)wen- , an alternative form of root *sawel- "the sun." Old English sunne was fem. (as generally in...

Proto-Germanic
Verified
*sunno
reconstructed
Ancestor of Germanic forms meaning “the sun”

from Proto-Germanic *sunno (source also of Old Norse, Old Saxon, Old High German sunna , Middle Dutch sonne , Dutch zon...

+1 more source
Old English
Verified
sunne / sunna
The feminine noun for the sun

from Old English sunne "the sun,"

+1 more source
Middle English
AI-inferred
sonne, son, sun
Spelling and pronunciation gradually moved toward modern English sun
Modern English
sun

Before it became the plainest little word in the sky, sun belonged to a family of Germanic words that included Old Norse and Old High German forms such as sunna. Old English treated sunne as feminine, so English speakers once referred to the sun with “she”; only around the sixteenth century did “he” become standard, without necessarily turning the star into a person. The word also has a more distant, disputed-looking family resemblance to Greek hēlios, behind heliacal, and Latin sōl, behind solar and solstice; the supplied chains securely preserve the Germanic route but record only the reconstructed form *s(u) for its deeper ancestor. By about 1200, “under the sun” already meant “anywhere in the world,” a phrase that makes the planet feel like one enormous patch of illuminated ground. And when sailors said the sun was “over the foreyard,” they meant noon—proof that even the day’s most obvious object once needed a nautical appointment.

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